Answer.2. Conductance

Explanation:- 

Admittance (Y) is the reciprocal of the impedance of a circuit. Admittance of an AC circuit is analogous to the conductance of a DC circuit. The unit of Admittance is Simen or MHO

Admittance = 1/Z simen

Y = Conductance ± J Susceptance

Or the Admittance can be written as

Y = (G ± J B) Simen

Now comparing the above equation by the given equation in the question i.e Y= a + jb

∴ a = G = Conductance

Answer.4. 1/2π√LC

Explanation:-

In an electrical system, capacitor and inductor are two such devices that store energy in different forms. The inductive and capacitive reactances are opposite to each other in two senses:

1. The magnitude of inductive reactance (X_L) increases with frequency, while the magnitude of capacitive reactance (X_C) decreases with frequency.
2. The angle of X_L is + 90° whereas the angle of X_C is −90°.

At some frequency, the inductive reactance is equal to the capacitive reactance. When circuit is operated at a frequency where the reactive (imaginary) component of the total impedance is zero, the circuit is said to be resonant. Note that the impedance circuit at

Series RLC Resonance

The resonance of a series RLC circuit occurs when the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in magnitude but cancel each other because they are 180 degrees apart in phase. Since in resonance condition, the Inductive reactance X_L is equal to capacitive reactance X_C i.e X_L = X_C

X_L = 2πf_L and XC = 1/2πf_C

${X_L} = {X_C}\\\\2\pi fL = \frac{1}{{2\pi fC}}\\\\{f^2} = \frac{1}{{4{\pi ^2}LC}}\\\\f = \frac{1}{{2\pi \sqrt {LC} }}\end{aligned}$

Answer.1. 190 V

Explanation:-

Given Data

Voltage V_a = 200 v

Armature Resistance R_a = 0.5Ω

Armature Current I_a = 20 A

Induced EMF = E_a = ?

The Induced EMF of a DC machine working as a Motor is

E_a = V_a − I_aR_a

E_a = 200 − 20 × 0.5

E_a = 190 V

Answer.1. Ripple Factor

Explanation:-

Ripple factor: The output of the rectifier is of pulsating d.c. type. The amount of a.c. content in the output can be mathematically expressed by a factor called the ripple factor (γ). The ripple factor expresses how much successful the circuit is, in obtaining pure d.c from a.c. input.

Less is the ripple factor, better is the performance of the circuit.

Ripple Factor γ = R.M.S value of a.c component of output ⁄ Average or d.c component of the output

Answer.4. 1/√2

Explanation:-

Given

Reactive Power Q = 500 VAR

Active Power P = 500 W

Power Factor of an AC circuit when active and reactive power is given

Power Factor = cos [tan⁻¹(Q/P)]

Power Factor = cos [tan⁻¹(1)]

Power Factor = cos [tan⁻¹(1)]

Power Factor = cos 45°

Power factor = 1/√2

Answer.2. −(V₂ − V₁)

Explanation:-

Net voltage = −V₂ + V₁

Net voltage = −(V₂ − V₁)

Answer.1. Operating voltage

When DC flows in the conductor, the current is uniformly distributed over the whole cross-section of the conductor. But the flow of AC in the conductor is non-uniform, due to which the outer filaments of the conductor carry more current than the filaments closer to the center of a conductor. In fact in the AC system, no current flows through the core and the entire current is concentric at the surface regions. The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as the skin effect.

Due to skin effect, the effective area of cross-section of the conductor through which current flows is reduced. Consequently, the resistance of the conductor is slightly increased when carrying an alternating current.

Cause of Skin Effect

The cause of skin effect can be easily explained. A solid conductor may be thought to be consisting of a large number of filaments, each carrying a small part of the current. The inductance of each filament will vary according to its position. Thus, the filament near the center is surrounded by a greater magnetic flux and hence have larger inductance than that near the surface. The high reactance of the inner filament causes the alternating current to flow near the surface of the conductor. This crowding of current near the conductor surface is the skin effect.

Due to non-uniformity of current, skin effect, the flux linkages are reduced and thus skin effect reduces the effective internal reactance. The inner filaments carrying currents give rise to flux which links the inner filaments only whereas the flux due to the current-carrying outer filaments enclose both inner and outer filaments.

Depending factor  Skin Effect

The skin effect depends on the following factors:

1. Nature of material
2. The diameter of the wire – increases with the diameter of the wire
3. Frequency – increases with the increase in frequency
4. The shape of wire – It less for stranded conductor than the solid conductor

At low frequencies, the skin effect is very small. In fact, it is of importance only with the high frequencies or with the solid conductors of the large cross-section. For commercial frequency of 50 Hz or lower, the increase in effective resistance is negligible for solid copper conductor up to 10 mm in diameter, about 2.5% for 20 mm diameter, and 8% for 25 mm diameter. The skin effect is much smaller with stranded conductors than with solid conductors. The skin effect increases in cross-section, permeability, and in supply frequency.

Answer.1. dΦ ⁄ dA

Explanation

Luminous flux measures the total radiant power reaching a surface, but without regard to surface position: the power might be concentrated on only part of the surface or spread evenly across it.

Irradiance (E_e) or illuminance (E_v) is the density of incident radiant flux or luminous flux at a point on a surface and is defined as radiant flux or luminous flux per unit area, as given by

E = dφ/dA

where (dφ) is the radiant flux or luminous flux incident on an element dA of the surface containing the point. The unit of irradiance is Wm⁻², and that of illuminance is lux

Answer.1. String Efficiency

Explanation

The non -uniformity in the voltage distribution over a string of suspension insulators is expressed in terms of a parameter called “string efficiency“.

The voltage across the unit nearer to the conductor is more than the voltage in the unit nearer to the support. This unequal potential distribution over the string is expressed in terms of string efficiency.

The efficiency of a string is defined as the ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of the number of discs and the voltage across the disc nearest to the line conductor. Mathematically, it can be expressed as,

Where n = Number of the unit in the string

The more the value of the string efficiency, the more uniform is the voltage distribution across the string. For the ideal case, the string efficiency is 100% and the voltage across each disc of the string is equal. Practically various methods are used to obtain string efficiency as high as possible.

Answer.3. Lumen/watt

Explanation:-

The luminous efficiency of an electric lamp is the ratio of the luminous flux (in lumen) emitted by the lamp to the electric power (watt) given to it i.e.

Luminous efficiency η = Luminous flux/Watt

Note:-  Lumens is the unit of measurement for luminous flux, which is the total amount of visible light emitted by a source.