Explanation:

When the Synchronous motor is operated at no load with overexcitation, it takes current that leads the voltage by nearly 90° which means the motor works like a capacitor. When operated under this condition, the synchronous motor is called a synchronous capacitor or synchronous compensator.

A synchronous compensator is an overexcited synchronous motor running on no load. It can generate or absorb reactive power by changing the field current. In overexcitation mode, it delivers inductive power or absorbs capacitive VAr. While in under excitation mode, it delivers capacitive power or absorbs inductive VAr. Specially designed synchronous machines, called synchronous condensers or synchronous capacitors, do not consist of any shaft coming out through the frame so that no load could be connected with it.

Applications of Synchronous Motor

Synchronous motors find extensive application in the following classes of services.

(1) Power Factor Correction

Overexcited synchronous motors operate at leading power factor and hence they are widely used for improving the power factor of those power systems which are connected with various induction motors and other lagging loads like welders and fluorescent lights, etc. However, nowadays, static capacitors are widely used for power factor correction because they are more economical than synchronous capacitors.

(2) Constant Speed Application

A synchronous motor runs at synchronous speed. Therefore, this motor is a perfect choice where constant speed is necessary like in centrifugal pumps, belt-driven compressors, blowers, line shafts, rubber and paper mills, etc.

(3) Voltage Regulation

When large inductive loads are connected, the voltage at the end of a long transmission line changes a great deal. As such, if a particular load is disconnected suddenly, the voltage may increase greatly going above the normal operating voltage which can damage the connected equipment. Using a synchronous motor with the field regulator, this voltage can be limited to a prescribed value.

Moreover, when the line voltage decreases due to inductive load, by increasing motor excitation the power factor is increased compensating for the line drop. Similarly, if the line voltage increases due to the line capacitive effect, by decreasing the motor excitation its pf is made lagging, thus maintaining the line voltage at its normal value.

Explanation:

• If voltage is impressed on the armature winding when the motor is at standstill with field winding unexcited, the revolving field produced by stator currents will cut across the field winding, thereby inducing a high voltage in the field winding.
• This induced voltage would be dangerous and would often result in the breakdown of insulation of field winding. Therefore, in starting a synchronous motor, the field winding is shorted through a suitable resistance.
• Consequently, the induced voltage is distributed throughout the whole winding and no part is subjected to high voltage.
• The resistance is removed and excitation is applied to the rotor when the motor attains 90-95% of synchronous speed.
• In the case of an induction motor, the field winding is permanently short-circuited by end rings.
• In a Synchronous motor, the rotor winding is supplied with DC excitation. Now, if we eliminate the DC excitation, there are two ends of the wire available.
• Let short circuit the two ends of the wire (or connect the two ends of variable resistors).
• Now the rotor winding of the synchronous motor is analogous to that of an induction motor.
• Therefore if we short circuit the field winding of a synchronous motor then it will behave as an induction motor.

Note:- Unless we don’t remove resistance it will behave like as in induction motor hence option 4 is correct.

Explanation:

• A conventional synchronous motor has an armature in which the emf of the machine is induced and an electromagnetic field system to produce the main magnetic field.
• In a salient pole synchronous motor, in addition to the torque developed by the interaction of the magnetic field with the armature current, a torque is produced due to the difference between the direct axis and the quadrature axis synchronous reactances.

• A non-uniform air gap accompanies a salient-pole synchronous machine.
• The air gap is minimum under the pole centers, and it is maximum in between the poles.
• The pole faces are so shaped that the radical air gap length increases from the pole center to the pole tips so that the flux distribution in the air gap is sinusoidal.
• This will help the machine generate sinusoidal EMF.
• To give the alternate north and south polarities, the individual field-pole windings are connected in series.
• The end of the field windings is connected to a DC winding by the brushes on the slip-rings.

When Field current is reduced to zero:

When filed current is reduced to zero, reluctance torque comes into play. If the field winding of an unloaded salient pole synchronous motor is open-circuited the motor field current becomes zero and the synchronous motor runs as a reluctance motor.

Reluctance Torque:

• Reluctance torque is the torque generated because the motor is moving to a position where the reluctance seen by the armature flux is declining.
• Reluctance exists only when there is an unsymmetrical air gap.
• Therefore it exists only for Salient pole synchronous machines and does not exist for the cylindrical machine.
• Reluctance torque comes into play when any winding is disconnected i.e. filed winding or armature winding in the running conditions
• Reluctance torque also produces reluctance power which makes the machine more stable.
• Variable reluctance motor behaves as similar to silent pole synchronous motor unexcited.
• And after the loss of residual flux, it will run as a reluctance motor due to the generation of reluctance torque.
• The machine will continue to run at synchronous speed due to reluctance torque (i.e. even when field winding or armature windings are disconnected).

In a salient pole synchronous motor, the power flow is given by,

$P = \frac{{EV}}{{{X_d}}}\sin \delta + \frac{{{V^2}}}{2}\left[ {\frac{1}{{{X_q}}} – \frac{1}{{{X_d}}}} \right]\sin 2\delta$

When the field winding gets open E_b = 0

$P = \frac{{{V^2}}}{2}\left[ {\frac{1}{{{X_q}}} – \frac{1}{{{X_d}}}} \right]\sin 2\delta$

From the above equation, it is clear that even when the field winding is open the power in the synchronous motor is generated due to which the motor continuously runs at a synchronous speed.

Note:- When the field circuit of an unloaded gradient pole synchronous motor suddenly opens, it continues to run at the same speed. Because the torque is produced in the synchronous motor due to the salient pole, which is generated due to the uneven resistance of the magnetic field.

Explanation:

The speed regulation of a motor expresses how much its speed varies between no-load and full load. The synchronous motor runs at a constant speed whose magnitude is dependent on supply frequency and the number of poles.

The steady-state speed of the motor is constant from no load to the maximum torque that the motor can supply (called pull-out torque).

where

n_nl = no-load speed
n_fl = full load speed

Since the speed of the motor is constant hence its speed regulation is zero.

Explanation:

Negative phase sequence current in Synchronous motor

• Negative sequence currents are produced because of the unbalanced currents in the power system.
• The flow of negative sequence currents in electrical machines (generators and motors) is undesirable as these currents generate high and possibly dangerous temperatures in a very short time.
• Phase current and voltage in the three-phase system can be represented in the form of three single-phase components.
• Positive sequence components, Negative sequence components, and Zero sequence components.
• Positive sequence currents exist during the balanced load condition.

Causes and effects of Negative Sequence Components :

The main cause of negative phase sequence components are:-

• Unbalanced loads in the system
• Unbalanced system faults (line to ground faults, two-phase faults, three-line to ground faults, double line to ground faults)
• Open phases (open circuit faults).

Effects of Negative Sequence Components

• When the load on the generator becomes unbalanced, negative phase sequence currents flow.
• The negative sequence components produce a rotating magnetic field that rotates at synchronous speed in a direction opposite to the direction of the rotor field. Hence effectively the relative 
• Hence effectively the relative speed between the two is double the synchronous speed. Thus double frequency currents are induced in the rotor.
• This double-induced high-frequency currents will rise the rotor temperature very high and damages the machine if operates continuously.

Explanation:

When one phase of synchronous motor is short-circuited

• Single phasing in a three-phase machine means that one of the three phases of the supply has been cut off due to any reason, one phase fuse blown or removed, or disconnection somewhere in one phase.
• The motor, when already running, keeps on running as a single-phase motor making a characteristic noise. This is a single phasing condition because the current in both the remaining lines now is the same single current.
• In star connected stator, the load 1s taken by the remaining two phases so the motor now can take a load of 1/√3 times, (57.7%) it’s rating.
• Since now in single phasing operation, for the same current and voltage P = VI cosφ; while in 3-phase operation, P = √3VIcosφ.
• So if the motor is operating at a load near full load, the active phases will be overloaded.
• If the stator is delta connected which is usually the case, the current distribution in different phases is not the same. One of the windings gets overloaded even when the current in the active lines is normal.
• In a case when any of the three phases fails, in order to compensate the motor, starts drawing more amount of current heating the motor even in some cases could burn the motor.
• In 3-φ synchronous motor, if one of the winding is short circuit then the motor will run with excessive vibrations.

More clearly it depends upon the load:

• Less than 1/3rd of the rated load, it will continue to operate without any harm.
• Higher than 1/3rd of rated load, the motor will continue to operate, but will draw current more than its rated value. The motor temperature will start increasing.
• Higher load (near to the rated load), the motor speed will drop gradually to zero.

Note:-  In this case, the thermal overload relay may stop the motor current or the fuse may blow. If thermal overload relay/fuses are not provided, the motor may get but burnt.

Explanation:

Breakdown torque is the maximum torque of the motor, which is produced at full rated voltage and frequency.

Power in the synchronous motor is given as

P = 2NT/60 V²

From the above equation, it is clear that torque T ∝ P.

The pull-out torque with excitation is supplied with a constant voltage source which varies directly with motor terminal voltage. Therefore as power varies as applied voltage V, the torque of a synchronous motor is also varies as applied voltage V.

Explanation:

Explanation:

Synchronous Motor Phasor Diagrams

Consider a normally-excited synchronous motor (i.e. E_b = V) supplied with fixed excitation. Since field excitation and speed of the motor = synchronous speed are fixed, the value of E_b remains the same.

Let

V = supply voltage/phase

E_b = back e.m.f./phase

E_r = Net voltage

Z_s = synchronous impedance/phase

(i) Motor on no-load with no losses:-

• When the synchronous motor is on no-load and has no losses, the center lines of rotor poles and stator poles coincide and the torque angle δ is practically 0°.
• Under this condition, the back e.m.f. E_b, is equal and opposite to the supply voltage V as shown in the phasor diagram in Fig.

• Since net voltage E_r = V − E_b is zero, the armature current I_a = E_r/Z_s is zero. This is expected because there is neither load nor motor losses. Now, the motor just floats.

Motor on no-load with losses

• If the motor is on no-load but it has losses, the torque angle increases by a small angle δ.
• Consequently, the vector E_b (its magnitude is constant as excitation is fixed) falls back (vectors are rotating in an anticlockwise direction) by angle δ as shown in Fig.

• The resultant or net voltage E_r in the stator causes the stator or armature current I_a = E_r/Z_s to have some finite value to supply the no-load losses.
• Note that armature current Ia lags behind E_r by a small angle θ = tan⁻¹ X_s/R_a. Since X_s >> R_a, I_a, lags E_r by nearly 90° (∵ θ = tan⁻¹ X_s/0 = 90°). The phase angle between V and I_a is φ_o so the no-load power factor is cosφ_o.

No-load input power/phase = VI, cosφ_o, 

Thus at no-load, the motor takes a small power VI, cosφ_o/phase from the supply to meet the no-load losses while it continues to run at synchronous speed.

Hence Under no-load conditions with normal excitation, armature current I_a drawn by a synchronous motor lags the applied voltage V by a small angle.

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Explanation:

• A synchronous motor is very sensitive to fluctuation in the load. When the synchronous motor is under no load the stator and rotor poles axes almost coincide with each other.
• When the motor is loaded the rotor pole axis falls back with respect to the stator. On the other hand, if the rotor poles are suddenly decreased then the rotor poles pull upward or get advanced. Due to the inertia of the rotor, it can’t achieve its final position instantaneously. Therefore rotor will oscillate to its final new stable position. This oscillation of the rotor is known as hunting.

OR

The word hunting is used because after the sudden application of load. The rotor has to search or hunt for its new equilibrium position. That phenomenon! is referred to as hunting in a synchronous motor.  A load containing harmonic torque fault in the supply system, change in field| current are causes of Hunting.

Causes of Hunting in Synchronous Machines

• A sudden change in load.
• The sudden change in field current.
• A load containing harmonic torque.
• Fault in the supply system.
• Periodic Variation of the load

 Effects of Hunting

• Hunting increases the chance of loosing synchronism.
• Hunting causes variations in the supply voltage.
• Hunting increases the possibility of resonance.
• Due to hunting, huge mechanical stresses may be developed in the rotor shaft.
• Machine loss increases during hunting.
• The temperature of the machine rises during hunting.

Use of Damper winding to prevent hunting

• Hunting can be reduced by using damper winding.
• When hunting occurs, the difference in the speed of stator and rotor poles develops induces emf in the damper winding, which acts in such a way to suppress the rotor oscillation.
• The induced emf generated develop induction torque in the synchronous motor.

Note: Mechanical losses such as friction loss does not cause hunting.